Carboxyl Group Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Carboxyl group definition: The carboxyl group is an organic functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group. Another way to view it is as a carbonyl group (CO)that has a hydroxyl group (O-H) attached to the carbon atom. The carboxyl group is commonly written as -C(O)OH or -COOH. Carboxyl groups ionize by releasing the hydrogen atom from the -OH group. The H, which is a free proton, is released. Thus, carboxyl groups make good acids. When hydrogen leaves, the oxygen atom has a negative charge, which it shares with the second oxygen atom in the group, allowing the carboxyl to remain stable even when oxidized. Also known as: The carboxyl group is sometimes referred to as the carboxy group, carboxyl functional group, or carboxyl radical. Carboxyl Group Example Probably the best-known example of a molecule with a carboxyl group is carboxylic acid. The general formula of carboxylic acid is R-C(O)OH, where R is any number of chemical species. Carboxylic acids are found in acetic acid and the amino acids that are used to build proteins. Because the hydrogen ion detaches so readily, the molecule is most commonly found as a carboxylate anion, R-COO-. The anion is named using the suffix -ate. For example, acetic acid (a carboxylic acid) becomes the acetate ion.

The Early Years Of The American Civil War - 1265 Words

The study of the early years of the America republic has not received the same attention from historians, as have many other periods of American history. In fact, only slavery and sectionalism, the leading causes of the American Civil War, have been consistently covered in much of the historical study of the first half of the nineteenth century. This became quite obvious with the readings that I spent time with this semester. Many were somewhat long in the tooth, yet still remained standard bearers for their topic, as further study has been sporadic or nearly nonexistent. This seems especially true of the studies that attempt to bring together the various elements in a manner that creates a big picture of the time period. Regional or social histories have dominated this period in the last twenty years and perhaps it is time for a new attempt at integrating the various pieces of the puzzle into a coherent picture. This is not to dismiss the people and groups that make the story, but to put their story back into a greater context. The numerous books I read, when pieced together, accomplish this to some degree, but this manner is incomplete, as it does not, nor were the majority of the authors intending too, create a complete picture of what America was like in the early nineteenth century. The first historian to attempt an overarching theme of the west was Frederick Jackson Turner in his Significance of the Frontier in American History. For years, Turner’s vision wasShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Civil War958 Words   |  4 Pagesthe white race†¦ in some ways even more so, because they gave the sweat of their brow and their blood in slavery so that many parts of America could become prosperous and recognized in the world†, this is quote from Josephine Baker, one of America’s early prominent black performers. Slavery, which will be discussed in greater detail, affected Africans kidnapped from their homeland and brought to the Am ericas to be sold and forced to work in horrible, vile, disgusting conditions. Slavery was also a greatRead MoreHistory of the Blues Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesBlues traces back many generations. Many articles have been written over the years helping readers better understand the history and importance of Blues music. All the articles have a similar attitude toward The Blues. Each article makes Blues Musics social and musical importance and impact blaringly obvious. Summary: Articles pertaining to the history and importance of The Blues. Cavender, Jason. Civil War Music. Reference Guide to Literature and Arts, 2nd Edition. 20 March 2003. Read MoreEssay on Supreme-Commander, Dwight David Ike Eisenhower1682 Words   |  7 Pagesexpect to achieve when he was young. Unlike Dwight’s brothers, he went to serve in the military before World War I broke out. During World War I he was Second Lieutenant commanding a Tank Corps. Before World War II broke out he was General MacArthurs assistant in the Philippines. Soon after that assignment he was sent back to America to lead another Tank Corps. He did that for around three years and then he was appointed Supreme-Commander of the Allied Forces in Northern Africa (Center 1). After NorthernRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement comprised efforts of grassroots activists and national leaders to obtain for African Americans the basic rights guaranteed to American citizens in the Constitution. The key players in succee ding with the civil rights movement were the soldiers returning from the war, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the anti-Vietnam War activists. During the civil rights movement, nearly every African American had experiencedRead MoreSlavery Cause for Civil War1483 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ SLAVERY (THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR) US History to 1877 – HIST101 American Military University, 26 April 2014 Many factors led to the occurrence of the American Civil War. The key issues were slavery, different political ideologies, right of the people, and economic reasons. However, the key reasons that lead to the Civil War was slavery. Slavery is touted as the main cause of the conflict between the states in the northern part and those in theRead MoreAggression : The Export Of Violence927 Words   |  4 Pagesthe American Civil War. Both the North and South were fighting for their version of democracy in the Civil War. Lincoln optimized this in his closing line of the Gettysburg Address, â€Å"that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.† Several battles for both sides added to the attrition efforts and almost achieved a decisive victory but fell short. America felt the effects of battles on the home front and the political twisting that came with a war threateningRead MoreThe American Revolution, Or First Civil War?997 Words   |   4 PagesJoseph Anhalt Duce Class Title 25 March 2015 The American Revolution, or first civil war? The American Revolution was a Civil War, at first. One outstanding reason for this is that the colonies at the time were still recognized as a part of the british empire. Being apart of the british empire would there endow us with being from the same nation, maki9ng the act of war upon ourselves at the time a Civil war.The combatants of this war were The Loyalist, the ones who chose to stay with the britishRead MoreChapter 22 Apush Key Terms1694 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. At the end of the war, the Bureaus main role was providing emergency food, housing, and medical aid to refugees, though it also helped reunite families. Later, it focused its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom. Its main job was setting up work opportunities and supervising labor contracts. 8. Exodusters Was a name given to African Americans who left the south[Kansas] in 1879 andRead MoreEssay on DEVELOPMENT OF THE U S ARMY929 Words   |  4 PagesOF THE U S ARMY Since its birth on 14 June 1775-over a year before the Declaration of Independence-the United States Army has played a vital role in the growth and development of the American nation. It won the new Republics independence in an arduous eight-year struggle against Great Britain, at times providing the lone symbol of nationhood around which patriots could rally. During the Civil War it preserved the Union through four years of biter conflict that turned brother against brother. ItRead MoreRace And Reunion : The Civil War1581 Words   |  7 Pagessouth. Striving for a reunion, a majority of American white communities close obscure the civil war racial narrative would only fade. In race and reunion: The Civil War in American memory, by David Blight, represents how Americans chose to remember the Civil War conflict, from the beginning of the turning point of the war. The two major themes race and reunion, demonstrate how white Americans adjusted and altered the causes and outcomes of the Civil War to reflect their particular ideas regarding

My Personal Goals Free Essays

Every successful person has a list of values, visions, and goals. I live by my values, make decisions with my visions in my mind, and set goals that will help me reach my life visions. These three elements take me to places I want to be in life. We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Goals or any similar topic only for you Order Now These elements reflect achievement goals and performance goals. â€Å"Achievement goals reflect the purpose of an individual’s achievement pursuits and two general types have been proposed: mastery and performance. When pursuing mastery goals, an individual’s purpose is to develop competence by acquiring new knowledge and skills (e. . , â€Å"My goal in this class is to understand the material as thoroughly as possible. â€Å"). When pursuing performance goals, an individual’s purpose is to demonstrate competence relative to others (e. g. , â€Å"My goal in this class is to do better than other students. â€Å"). Thus, individuals can be motivated to achieve for two very different reasons: to increase their competence by learning as much as they can or to gain favorable judgments of their competence by performing as well as they can compared to others. † (Barron Harackiewicz, 2001, p. 06) My achievement goals and performance goals are family, career, and education. These three categories intergrade within one another. My education goal is to obtain my Bachelors of Science in nursing degree. My career goal relies on the completion of my degree to continue to advance in my career. My family goal is to maintain a healthy, happy, well-balanced structure while perusing and achieving my other goals. â€Å"Professional life has a great impact on the personal life of a person. If one is neglected, then, the other aspect will be hampered. So, a proper scale of balance must be maintained. (Kar, 2011, p. 11) Throughout life as values and visions change and goals are attained, new goals arise. Education is my new goal. My vision for my career path has given me the value to achieve a Bachelors of Science in nursing degree. I have chosen to attend â€Å"University of Phoenix† online to help maintain family balance and life visions. I believe â€Å"University of Phoenix† design courses to help meet and maintain my education short-term goals and to stay on track with meeting my long-term education goal. My short-term goals include completing and passing every course. Within my short-term goals there are milestones. The milestones are laid out in class discussions and smaller assignments. The large assignments and group projects will be part of my short-term goals for that course. I will divide my large assignments into milestones. Completion of each milestone within that assignment I will reevaluate the progress and continue to move forward until milestones are meant and assignments successfully completed prior to due date. Meeting these milestones will help me reinforce my commitments as I continue to advance forward. My education goal is a new goal because of my change in careers. I had been a trauma nurse since 2003. Working in the emergency department I demonstrated leadership skills, personal accountability, and professionalism by exchanging ideas and feedback while embracing opportunities for change. October 2013, I was approached to apply for an administration position and accepted the offer. One requirement for the position is to obtain my BSN, in addition to a short-term goal for my career so I can continue advancing forward in my career path. My current position has directed me to the following pathways. Improve efficiencies with nursing processes, reduction of readmission rates, increase satisfaction scores with pain management and develop outreach programs for patients with chronic disease. I have individual visions for each pathway. Every pathway goes in different directions. It is important to maintain clear vision and focus on every pathway individually. I have short-term goals that help me reach my visions. I rely heavily on team approach to meet goals with exceptional outcome. I facilitate each team; the team plans the short and long-term goals for the projects. Within the short-term goals there are milestones with due dates. Progress and barriers are addressed at scheduled meetings. The process drives timing, communication, and progress. To maintain balance among my family, work, education, and free time, I will use several tools. A planner lays out timing to achieve short-term goals and record milestones. My educational time is early morning and late evening studies; dividing my educational time helps maintain balance with family needs. The family’s schedule displays in the kitchen on a calendar whiteboard. The calendar is visible to everyone and lists important activities. My time after work is according to children’s homework, activities, and events. I have set aside eight hours a week for time in the gym, which is very important to maintain life balance and reduce stress. At work I have to use different tools. Outlook calendar displays my meetings and events. A whiteboard is in my office where I list projects. This list creates visual details of ilestones, due dates, and target completion dates. Completed projects are kept track of in an excel spreadsheet to monitor success or barriers. Projects are officially titled successful when measureable outcome demonstrates effectiveness, efficiency and increase productivity. In conclusion, I will attain my educational goal by achieving my BSN degree. My short- term career goals are to continue to complete projects with exceptional outcome. My long- term goa l is to continue advancing in a successful career path. I understand I have to sacrifice things to allocate for new goals. I know scheduling time each day to work on my goals is a key to my success. To reach my goals I understand I cannot allow excuses. I know it will be critical to stay on task and to do what needs to be accomplished every day. â€Å"Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable. Every step toward the goal requires sacrifice, suffering, and struggle; the tireless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals. † (King, 2001-2013, p. 1) How to cite My Personal Goals, Papers

Sustainable Business Planning & Strategy for Urban- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSustainable Business Planning Strategy for Urban Form. Answer: Evaluation of the trends between urban form, community attitudes towards natural resources and resource management The issue which is identified in this study is the coral bleaching of Great Barrier Reef. The coral bleaching is taking place in Great Barrier Reef which is the serious concern for the environment degradation in Australia. It is seen that in this world with the increase in population there is high change in the temperature changes to be taken place along with the changes in the weather conditions as well (Hughes et al. 2017). There are frequent degradation of the weather and extreme weather events to be taking place. The reason is only due to the extreme heat is generated. The heart is generated due to the result of the excessive human activities to be taking place in Australia as well in the other parts of the world. There is the probability of having 95 percent of the heat or warmth is generated due to the human activities (Hughes et al. 2017). The corals are extremely sensitive to high temperatures and always want that the heat which is to be generated should be in small amount so that they can be able to survive under the sea and within the sea temperatures. The changes in the climate is producing high amount of heat which is typically bleaching the corals during the month of summer. The Great Barrier Reef has suffered from two major incidents of bleaching which is in the year 1998 and 2002 where 42 and 54 percent of the refs were affected due to bleaching. In the context of urban form, Australia is on the verge of becoming one of the most importrant countries where the construction along with the educational sector has a high leap forward currently as well in the future (Hughes et al. 2017). The education sector is very good in Australia. Due to this there is high number of immigrants coming to get high level of education in Australia. Due to the increased number of immigrants taking place, there is rapid use of the natural resources to be done (Hughes et al. 2017). There is no control on the usage and the preservation of the natural resources and its processes as well. The communities do not have the attitudes of controlling the natural resources and should be keeping the natural processes to be used for reducing the wastage of it and for the development of the natural processes for preserving it as well. In context of resource management, the community and the government of Australia have the common goal of protecting and preserving the coral reef from the hands of coral bleaching. So the Australian and the Queensland government are investing jointly $200 million per year for the health of the reef (Death et al. 2012). There is the development of the strong governance structure and the partnership agreement to be done with the government by some of the agencies who are looking for preserving the natural resources of Australia. Analyse trends on policy development in Australia In relation to the issue of coral bleaching, there are some of the policies to be developed by the government for preserving the coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef marine Park Act 1999 which is useful for the management of the Great Barrier Reef. This provides planning for the framework and management through zoning plans, plans of management. The next could be the Environment protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 which regulates actions taken on the protection of the coral reefs (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). The others may be Environment Protection Act 1981 and many others as well. Conduction of research in a global environment In the context of the urban form, globally there is negative impact of the coral bleaching o Great Barrier Reef. It is seen that with the global environment to be able to get upgraded with the modern technology and fishing is considered to be one of the most important source of revenue generation both for the urban countries as well for the government of the specific countries (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). So coral bleaching needs to be eliminated which may affect the economic and social dimensions of the other countries as well. In the context of the community attitudes to natural processes, the communities are very much tensed and developing serious concerns of how to manage the natural resources which should be made sustainable for the future. The communities were aware of using and implementing the natural processes for the preservation of the natural resources in such a way that they become sustainable in the future (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). The community attitudes have changed altogether with the urban form to be developed which is affecting the global environment seriously. It is very much aware of the fact that the communities are educated enough but the needs and demands were increasing day by day so they are compelled to exploit the natural resources easily and in heavy amount which is causing seriously insecurity for the natural resources as well (Death et al. 2012). In the context of resource management, this is one of the most serious and essential activity which is needed to be done by the government of that specific country. The communities need to be aware of how much natural resources are needed, how much to be consumed and how much to be wasted as well (Wiedenmann et al. 2013). The resource management is done with the development of the effective policy making and the different legislations so that they can be able to manage the resources effectively for the introduction of the environment in a proper way. In the context of the policy development in a global environment, the policies are basically the statements which make the communities as well the individuals working in different organizations to become aware of how the environment should be protected from the issue of coral bleaching as mentioned in the study as well (Schaffelke et al. 2012). Description of business case for environmental sustainability management In relation to the issue of coral bleaching in Great Barrier Reef the government of Queensland has been drafted a policy for draft Reef 2025 termed as the Water Quality Improvement Plan 2017-2022 for consultation. The coral bleaching which is the issue identified need to be managing the resources so that it should be conserved effectively and does not affect the global environment as well. The rise of construction and other industries in this world it also affecting the coral reefs which is affecting the health of the humans and there are rapid changes in the lifestyle of the humans to be taking place (Death et al. 2012). The humans are getting much more advanced and they are exploiting the natural resources heavily in order to meet their own needs and demands as well. This is to be done by the Australians along with the government of Queensland which tells that due to the poor water coming out of the industries has been running down into the catchment areas of the coral reef (Brodie and Waterhouse 2012). This is the detailed planning where the government, the community and the government will be able to work together in order to improve the quality of water so that coral bleaching could be reduced this should be improving the ecosystem and provides high value for the Great barrier Reef as well. References Brodie, J. and Waterhouse, J., 2012. A critical review of environmental management of the not so GreatBarrier Reef.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,104, pp.1-22. Brodie, J.E., Kroon, F.J., Schaffelke, B., Wolanski, E.C., Lewis, S.E., Devlin, M.J., Bohnet, I.C., Bainbridge, Z.T., Waterhouse, J. and Davis, A.M., 2012. Terrestrial pollutant runoff to the Great Barrier Reef: an update of issues, priorities and management responses.Marine Pollution Bulletin,65(4-9), pp.81-100. Butler, J.R., Wong, G.Y., Metcalfe, D.J., Honzk, M., Pert, P.L., Rao, N., van Grieken, M.E., Lawson, T., Bruce, C., Kroon, F.J. and Brodie, J.E., 2013. An analysis of trade-offs between multiple ecosystem services and stakeholders linked to land use and water quality management in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.Agriculture, ecosystems environment,180, pp.176-191. Death, G., Fabricius, K.E., Sweatman, H. and Puotinen, M., 2012. The 27year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(44), pp.17995-17999. Hughes, T.P., Kerry, J.T., lvarez-Noriega, M., lvarez-Romero, J.G., Anderson, K.D., Baird, A.H., Babcock, R.C., Beger, M., Bellwood, D.R., Berkelmans, R. and Bridge, T.C., 2017. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals.Nature,543(7645), p.373. Rosenberg, E. and Loya, Y. eds., 2013.Coral health and disease. Springer Science Business Media. Schaffelke, B., Carleton, J., Skuza, M., Zagorskis, I. and Furnas, M.J., 2012. Water quality in the inshore Great Barrier Reef lagoon: Implications for long-term monitoring and management.Marine Pollution Bulletin,65(4-9), pp.249-260. Van Hooidonk, R., Maynard, J.A. and Planes, S., 2013. Temporary refugia for coral reefs in a warming world.Nature Climate Change,3(5), p.508. Wiedenmann, J., DAngelo, C., Smith, E.G., Hunt, A.N., Legiret, F.E., Postle, A.D. and Achterberg, E.P., 2013. Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching.Nature Climate Change,3(2), p.160.

The Airasia Company Strategic Management free essay sample

Nowadays, the competition among airplane industries is very tough. According to Daniel Chan (2000), with just about two years to go to the turn millennium, air wars over Asia are hotting up, with some of the world’s biggest airlines engaged in intense over Asian skies[1]. Each Of Airplanes Company in the world trying to conduct some strategies to compete with another competitor in their industry. A lot of airplane companies come out with different strategies to make their company better than their competitors.To compete with their competitor in the business environment, a company needs to make a strategy to achieve their long terms objective and can be successful for doing their business. Moreover, to be successful in their long terms objective and their business, company need to identify their strategic management, because with good strategic management company can be achieving their vision and mission to achieve the successfulness in their business. We will write a custom essay sample on The Airasia Company Strategic Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Regarding this issues, the strategic management becomes important due to the following reason such as globalization to survival their business, and than e-commerce become the critical success to the company nowadays. The two following reason are need to take into consideration, and than to be successful in the company management, a company needs to consider the company ability and how to integrating it with the as well as main factor in the internal and external factor. The main factor in the internal and external factor can be identified with SWOT analysis.The internal factor can take a look into strength and weakness in a company, and for the external factor, a company can look at opportunities and threats in the external environment. Furthermore, according to Daniel Chan (2000), the airline industry is a unique and fascinating industry. It captures the interest of a wide audience because of its glamour, reach, and impact on the large and growing numbers of consumers/travelers worl dwide[2]. Based on this statement, airline industry become the greatest opportunity for AirAsia.The growing numbers/travelers worldwide can be the wonderful opportunity for AirAsia for running their business. In addition, to captures and attract a customer to choose AirAsia as an airline option, AirAsia need to develop and create a wonderful strategy and come out with special offering to their customer to successfully in their business. On this paper, I would like to identify and analyze the AirAsia Company strategic management: â€Å" How AirAsia can be a leader in the lowest cost carrier in the airplane industry†.I’m interested to more deeply identify and analyze the strategic management in AirAsia Company because AirAsia have a lot of achievement and awards since year 2001 until present and than they have the greatest strategy which is can make AirAsia to be a leader in the world’s low cost carrier in airline industry. And than, AirAsia is one of the companies with goo d company strategic management and has a successful story in the airplane industry in the world.AirAsia now becoming the leading low cost carrier airline in the world and the achievement that AirAsia received to ascertain that AirAsia is one of the best airplane companies. The achievement that AirAsia received in 2009 on the last awards and recognition is the best low cost airline in the world. In Addition, on this paper will be structured into four sections. Section 1. 0 is introduction, Section 2. 0 covers about AirAsia Current issues, in this section will be discusses about why AirAsia need to consider a strategy, and AirAsia current issues. Section 3. mainly discusses about AirAsia business strategy, this section also will be discusses about why AirAsia stressed to be low cost carrier in airline industry, AirAsia SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) analysis, and also AirAsia business strategy to solve the current issues. And than, section 4. 0 would be the last section is conclusion for this paper. 2. 0 AirAsia Current issues: how to be low cost carrier leader in airline industry On this section, I will discuss about the AirAsia current issues: how to be low cost carrier in airline industry.This section involve, why AirAsia need to consider a strategic management, and than what is the current issues that happen in AirAsia Company. This section will discusses the importance of developed and consider strategic management in AirAsia Company, and identify of current issues in AirAsia Company. 2. 1 Why AirAsia need to consider a strategic management Why a company needs to consider a strategic management nowadays? According to Daniel Chan (2000), since the 1970s, the competition for the Asian air travel market has always been intense.This became more intense in the 1990s as traffic volumes were squeezed[3]. Based on that statement, the competition among airplane industry will become more grow, traffic volume also would be increase, and also the Asian air travel market has always been intense. When the competition in the airplane industry becoming though, complex, and rapidly change, AirAsia company as a company that joined in the airplane industry business need to thinking strategically and also must preparing a good strategic management.The AirAsia strategic management needs to effectively and efficiently prepare and implement in the AirAsia company management. Why AirAsia need to consider strategic management? The first reason is because the airline industry is a unique and complex industry[4]. Based on the statement, the complexity and unique of the airline industry, AirAsia need to come out with the greatest strategy to compete with their rival in the same industry. Without the right strategic management, its possible AirAsia could not be able be compete with the complex business environment in the airline industry.Furthermore, the second reason why AirAsia need to consider a strategic management because in a company nowadays, general management which is the process of achieving organizational goals by engaging in the four major functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling may not sufficient and supportive for the organization succeed in the world of complex environments. It concerns about the process to manage the company internally but do not concentrate more on creating competitiveness regarding environments affecting the organization.Even companies adopt general management to sustain profitability by reducing the defects or costs, and improving operations process in order to increase productivity, they may not succeed in the competition because they perform only similar activities better than competitors but do not create dis tinctive competitiveness. Additionally, they perform only operational effectiveness but not strategy. Operational effectiveness and strategy are both essential to superior performance but they work in very different ways.

Crop Cover

Crop Cover Vineyard Floor Management I. Clean cultivation: 1. conserves moisture 2. destroys organic matter at surface 3. may damage soil structure 4. changes soil porosity-root growth is restricted 5. earthworm populations are lower 6. suppresses root growth in upper layer 7. increases the breakdown of nitrogenous compounds into nitrates.8. May develop hard pan.COVER CROPS Choice and performance are site specific, so test in a few rows before deciding.Two types: 1) disked or 2) perennial sod Considerations: 1. costs vs. benefits 2. irrigation method 3. tillage practices 4. nitrogen needs 5. frost concerns Cover crops are generally only grown in row middles, with under-row vegetation controlled by mulch, herbicide, or tillage.Advantages of cover crops: 1. provide organic matter for the soil 2. provide mulch for under-row 3. increase water infiltration rate 4. control erosion 5. reduce dust in vineyard.6. Dry out and stabilize the soil in wet areas 7.A photo demonstrating the use of cover crops betwe...

Explain the mechanism of the money multiplier. How can the monetary Essay

Explain the mechanism of the money multiplier. How can the monetary authorities influence its size and the supply of money - Essay Example To this, there will be answering of the study question, â€Å"What is a Money Multiplier?† An economic view will be maintained in this study. The money multiplier is also known as the deposit or the credit multiplier. From the simple point of view, the term multiplier means the magnitude by which money supply expands and this is usually bigger than the rise in the equivalent monetary base. Thus, if the multiplier stands at 20, then it follows that an increase of $1 in the underlying monetary base will lead to a $20 rise in the supply of money. (moneyterms.co.uk, 2011) Money multipliers can be divided into several types. One of these multipliers is the deposit expansion multiplier. This type of multiplier measures by what magnitude money supply can be increased from the original deposit. Thus, the formula that shows how the deposit expansion multiplier works is as under; Where; Reserve requirement is the set deposit reserve for all commercial banks by the equivalent central bank. Taking that the set reserve requirement is 10%, then it follows that the deposit expansion multiplier is Thus, if the one applies the multiplier computed before, and taking that the excess reserves from the original deposit are $800. The potential money supply expansion (M1) is to be determined as follows: M1, which is the sum of the original deposit ($1,000) plus the $16,000 that has been created is, therefore, $17,000. Note that the formula presented is what is usually referred to as the simple money multiplier. (Morton and Goodman, 2003 p197) Under the deposit expansion multiplier there are various assumptions that have to be considered. This is to ensure that the explanations presented make sense. These are with the inclusion of the bank customer’s usage of cheques to pay each other as opposed to usage of cash, banks usually keep a particular deposits’ fraction to take care of the central bank’s reserve

Essay stress Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stress - Essay Example that â€Å"the preset world is marked by increased cases of stress that is evident in nearly every activity that we undertake.† This work will show the causes and effects of stress to describe how stress levels have risen over the last three decades. It will expose some of the underlying factors associated with stress and its impact on people. This will focus on two countries namely China and United Kingdom. Relevant to the above, the paper will focus on comparison of three aspects of stress based on the modern and past life. Some of these aspects will comprise of work-related stressors, financial-based stressors, as well as stress associated with family issues. The paper will also explore health-related issues relevant to stress in the lives of human beings. In this respect, the paper will explore the effects of stress on digestive problems as well as heart diseases. Modern life is seen as more stressful as compared to the past. This can be viewed in terms of the health related issues that bedevil the current world, the financial issues, family issues, as well as the health related issues (Russell, 2013). These issues have been attributed to the increasing cases of stress related problems in the current society. It is of crucial significance to note that the level at which each aspect of the modern life mentioned above affects the lives of human beings differs considerably from each other. For instance, the consequences of health related stressors may greatly vary from the consequences of other aspects like family issues as well as financial issues. However, it is of critical significance to acknowledge the fact that these aspects of stress are greatly interlinked. Therefore, however much their consequences may vary, they contribute massively in making the modern life more stressful as compared to the past life. The issue of work has been shown to be one of the causes of stress in the modern world. This issue has been one of the problems that have bedeviled the

STAT Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

STAT - Statistics Project Example From these results we reject the null hypothesis that the average hotel price in Philadelphia is $129.50 since we have proven that the average hotel room at Philadelphia is significantly different from $125 hence its not $ 129.50. Sample size = 250 and they believed that the average is 75%. It means that the confidence interval is at ÃŽ ± = 0.25. We calculate the sample mean as xbar= 250/168 = 1.488 and that the claimed average =0.75 thus t = 1.48-0.75)/ Since the resultant Z statistic test is less than the obtained value of (168/250) = 0.672, we reject the null hypothesis that there proportion of drivers under influence of alcohol are significantly less than 75%. We conclude that the proportion of drivers under the influence of alcohol is not less than 75%. Z = {Sample mean- ÃŽ ¼0}/ ÃŽ ´/√n = {9-6} Ã · 2.47/√100 = 12.146. The critical value of Z is obtained from the tables as Z ÃŽ ± /2 = Z 0.05 /2 = Z 0.025 = 1.96. but since the assumed is greater than the test statistic, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean waiting time will be 6 minutes or that its not true that the average waiting time will be reduced from the current 9- 10 minute. Let us find out the critical value of chi-squared (χ2) = (n-1) s2 Ã · ÃŽ ´2 = (25-1)0.4 /0.3 = 32. This is the obtained chi-square and from the chi-square tables, we deduce the value of the critical region as 36.42 (Bowman par 3). Since it’s a left- tailed test, our rejection region is less than 36.42 i.e. (χ2

Communicating In Health And Social Care Organisations Social Work Essay

Communicating In Health And Social Care Organisations Social Work Essay INTRODUCTION Language in particular and communication in general, permeates every aspect of peoples lives. It is important in everything that a person does, in whatever profession an individual might be in. It fosters greater understanding as well the possibility of establishing better relationships between the parties which are communicating. This paper seeks to address the issue by the provision of the theories of communication which are applicable in health and social care, how to use effective communication skills in such a context, methods of dealing with inappropriate communication practices, strategies for effective communication, and the benefits and need to be engaged in effective and efficient communication practices, especially in the context of the said profession. The author will stipulate significant factors which are assumed to be highly influential in the process of communication include culture, values, legislations, and other regulations which govern the practice of the profession. The author will also provide suggestions on how the communication process can be improved so that it can be more useful in the field of health and social care. Furthermore, the author will discuss the standard software which are used by the health and social workers in their profession, an analysis of the benefits which were brought about by such applications, provide an analysis of how such technology enhances activities in the profession, and evaluate the legal considerations which are critical to be understood in the application of the information and communication technology. The author will further discuss the nature of the workplace where the author is working. The organization provides care services for clients with physical and mental disabilities and for clients with dementia. USE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN HEALTH CARE THEORIES OF COMMUNICATION Four theoretical approaches in the practice of health and social care will be highlighted in this section: psychodynamic, behaviourist, humanistic and cognitive. The main foundation of the psychodynamic theory to communication is grounded on the works of Sigmund Freud. This does not involve only a single theory but stems to a number of other theories which were all grounded on the foundations of the work of Freud. This theory combines those which are associated to psyche which includes not only the mind but the entire inner feelings, thoughts and experiences and dynamics which refer to the notion that psyche is not stable, rather active. According to this theory, communication with the individuals self is very critical as it is the foundation of that persons communication practices to others. One of the basic assumptions on this theory is that the individual is the author of his own history; therefore, the individuals earliest experiences form the foundations of how that person deals with others. Such can be modified along the process. Another basic assumption is that the individual lives in two worlds at the same time, internal and external. The internal world is unconscious while the external is controlled. The theory also assumes that all behaviour is logical and acted upon with purpose. These factors are highly influential with how the individual communicates in health and social care setting (Ellis et al., 2003). Another theory which can be noted is the behaviourist theory. The main foundation of this theory is the notion that all behaviour is largely based on learnt responses about specific stimuli. This can be able to explain the method of language acquisition such as that of the echoic response wherein the infant imitates the sound which is made by the health or social professional, who, on the other hand, reinforces the behaviour of the infant. This theory focuses on behaviour and highlights the present and the future (Ellis et al., 2003). The third theory which will be considered in this paper is the humanistic approach. Under this theory, the person is the highlight of interest rejecting the significance of behaviour and the unconscious impulses which result from the past. Two of the theories which are under this approach are the person-centred theory and the transactional analysis. The former highlights the importance of childhood and current experiences in life while the latter reiterates the significance of personality, child development, social psychology, and psychopathology (Sully Dallas, 2005). According to Carl Rogers (1902-1987), People are essentially trustworthy, that they have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention on the therapists part, and that they are capable of self-directed growth if they are involved in a specific kind of therapeutic relationship. In relation to health care context, the goal of this theory is to make the clients become more open in their own personal experience, to accept themselves in all aspect, and to minimize things that might challenge their concept of self. To achieve this, there must be a good relationship between the therapist and the client. The therapist must be realistic but not offensive, accepting but critical to the misconduct of the client. Trust between the therapist and the client is important so the client will not feel social distance scale. It is basically understanding and accepting the client as a whole being, not judging the clients impurities. The fourth is the social cognitive theory. According to Bandura (1986), individuals obtain more information through observational learning. At home, how a parent would nurture their child can be an environmental factor that influences the child the way he behaves. Learning starts from the home whereby a child imitates the people around him. Behaviour then is being shaped and as the child grows; his natural curiosity is reinforced by his motivation to learn. The social cognitive theory explains the interaction between the person and the environment which involves cognitive competencies such as achievement that are developed and modified by social influences and structures within the environment such as parents and society. USE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS There are many ways to communicate; it could be verbal, non-verbal, writing and listening. Verbal communication is used when giving information or doing trainings, on the telephone, hand over and when talking face to face with a client. For verbal communication, there are things to consider like the tone of voice, pitch and talk on the same level, never talk with your back on your client. Non-verbal communication is used for clients who have difficulty hearing, deaf and mute. Factors to bear in mind are facial expression, hand gestures, physical appearance and body posture. Aids that might help communication are the use of symbols, picture cards and communication board or writing pad. The art of good listening is practiced by letting the clients talk in their own pace and giving them time to express themselves. Transmission of information becomes effective by getting the message across clearly and reflects on how the message was conveyed. The benefits of effective and efficient communication skills in the practice of health and social care can be highlighted by how it is used in the profession. One of the uses of communication in this field is to foster the growth and development of the practice. It must be noted that communication does not only exist between the health professional and the client. It is also evident between health professionals themselves. Communication can be used in this field to be assured that innovative ideas, trends, and best practices are shared amongst the healthcare professionals and social workers for the betterment of their profession (Santy Smith, 2007). Communication can also be used in the context of health and social care to be able to promote an advocacy. This kind of communication is often utilized in mediums like advertisements on print and other channels. The use of media for health promotion campaigns is very convincing that people understand healthy living and what is best for them. Lastly, it has also been noted that communication can be used in the health and social care setting to be able to foster partnership with clients or patients, treat them with respect, provide patients with self-esteem, provision of practical help and advice regarding their condition, stimulate their intellectual development, improve the clients sense of self-being or self-worth, satisfy the physical, emotional, and social needs of the patients and to be responsive of their needs (Haworth Forshaw, 2002). DEALING WITH INAPPROPRIATE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION To be able to reap the benefits of a good communication practice, health and social workers must be able to properly deal with any inappropriate communication practices. For instance, any barrier to communication should be resolved as such can result into misunderstanding in the professional practice. An example of a factor which can be a hindrance to good communication practice would be culture and language itself. Professionals in the field of health and social care should see to it that both parties understand each other, especially when decision making is involved. The use of jargons should be limited as it can lead into inappropriate communication leading into misunderstanding. Another factor which can be considered as an inappropriate practice in communication in the context of health and social care is privacy. Patients are private individuals, their records should therefore be held with confidentiality and there should be no presence of breach of contract as well between prac titioners or professionals. Health and social workers have the inherent duty to not disclose any information without the knowledge of all the parties which are concerned. The lack of trust of the patient to the medical worker can also be a barrier to effective communication. Lastly, the lack of knowledge can also serve as another barrier to communication (King Wheeler, 2007). STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT USERS To be able to be potentially engaged in efficient and effective communication practices, as a carer VARIOUS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE VALUES AND CULTURE Two of the factors which are assumed to be highly influential in the communication process, specifically in the field of health and social care, are values and culture. These may include factors which are related in demographics such as age, gender, race, educational and economic status, and also beliefs, among others. Culture, which can be defined as the identifiable integrated pattern of human behaviour that includes customs, beliefs, values, behaviours, and communications (Servellen, 1997), is said to be highly influential in this field basically because they arise from almost every group that are involved in the communication process. In tackling the issue of culture and its influence in the communication process, one of the factors which should be understood are the sub-groups, for instance, Asian. Among the Asian cultures, people from different countries have various approaches to communicating. For instance, in the Vietnamese culture, talking is customary. Professionals who ar e working with people who are accustomed to the Vietnamese culture must be able to take such cultural factor into account so that the communication process can be carried out more efficiently and more conveniently. Another factor which should be understood on this note is cultural identity. One of the inclusions in this identity is the fact that all people are influenced by cultural programming which makes it essential to have an understanding of that culture so that communication can be carried out better (Servellen, 1997). As mentioned earlier, one of the dimensions of culture and values which influence the communication process is gender. Men and women are naturally equipped with differences and such can be reflected in the way they engage themselves into the process of communication. Having different communication styles base on gender, interpretation may also vary in both sexes. Health and social workers should be aware of these differences so that they will be sensitive on how to deal with each patient or client. One of the key to understand these differences is to be an active listener so that the professional can be able to better understand the patient. The same is true with age and ethnicity. Communication with elderly should be done on a different approach wherein the health or social worker should demonstrate more respect. A different approach is also given when communicating with the younger ones. Furthermore, each nationality also has different approaches to communication. Some verbal and n on-verbal communication techniques might be appropriate for other cultures while it may prove to be rude for some. These should be understood clearly so that there will be no misinterpretation and confusion with regards to the transmission of the message (Basavanthappa, 2004). LEGISLATION, CHARTERS, AND CODES OF PRACTICE Despite the fact that communication in the field of health and social care is highly influenced by culture and values, it has also influenced the existence and stipulations which are provided by legislations, charters, and codes of practice. The institution is often left with no option but to follow such stipulations as it is a legal requirement in the context of their practice. One of the most important factors by which legislations and charters influence communication techniques can be demonstrated by the fact that such allows the provision of equality. The existing laws which govern the practice of health and social care are based on the principle of equality which does not allow discrimination of any party, be it a patient or a health or social worker. For instance, legislations such as those which provide fair employment, sex discrimination acts, race relations, and others are some of the laws which demonstrate and influence in professional practice. These laws serve as the foundation of the behaviour of the healthcare professional and form the basis of how they act and how they communicate. The serious consequences of going against such legislations will be undeniably a critical factor in the observance of a good communication practice (Cambridge Training Development, 2000). The Data Protection Act 1984 is a good example which demonstrates legislations in good communication practice in the field of health and social care. This can be able to provide protection to information which are assumed confidential and should be used solely for the purposes known by the persons involved. Service users could possibly demonstrate loss of trust from the service providers if confidential information are leaked making it important for laws to provide protection for such. Certain legislations are also made available to provide equality and anti-discrimination in the workplace. These factors are highly influential in shaping the communication practice and activities of people in health and social care (Moonie, 2005). Furthermore, the stipulations in the code of practice and ethics in a certain institution are also highly influential in communication practices especially in consideration of the fact that they can affect confidentiality and privacy of information. For instance, the use and access to the internet for health and social workers are often limited and defined by codes of conduct, depending upon the institution, to be assured of good communication practices and work ethics. The use of other technological aids can also be regulated by existing rules and regulations to be able to protect the rights of the institution, the workers, the patients, and the public in general (Martin, 2003). ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS AND POLICIES For all concerned parties to be engaged in effective and efficient communication practices, one factor which can be considered as essential would be effective organizational systems and policies. These systems and policies will be able to shape the communication activities and will make it more appropriate and meaningful. Health and social care institutions need to develop systems and policies which can foster good communication. This can include factors which are related to documentation, information systems, establishment of procedures and practices. For instance, the development of a dynamic and advanced information system can demonstrate effectiveness and efficiencies in the various activities which are undertaken. In the absence of such systems, it will be highly impossible to transmit and share information which might prove to be significant in the profession. For instance, at Ashleigh Court Rest Home, policies are strictly implemented. Stated below are some of the policies tha t the home adheres with: Whistle Blowing Policy this document has been written to comply with the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, which was introduced to protect employees who blow the whistle about any wrongdoing. The policy gives clear guidance to all members of staff regarding the correct procedure for bringing to attention any wrongdoing or suspected wrongdoing which they feel could affect the reputation of the home, other members of staff, visitors, residents or any other organization or persons connected with the home. The policy outlines commitment to openness and good communications. Bullying In The Workplace The home believes that all staff have the right to work in an environment that is free from bullying, harassment or intimidation, from either colleagues or management. The home seeks to enable staff to enjoy their work and fulfil their personal and professional potential, by creating and sustaining a stimulating and supportive work environment. It is recognised that staff who feel powerless, vulnerable or even persecuted will not be able to give of their best work or work successfully. Prevention of Accidents The home fully accepts the responsibility to ensure that all reasonable steps and precautions are taken to provide and maintain safe and healthy working conditions, which comply with all statutory requirements and codes of practice. The home fully supports and complies with the relevant National Minimum Standards and Regulations, which relate to the promotion and protection of the health, safety and welfare of service users and staff. It is recognised, however, that even in the safest of working environments, accidents will occur, from time to time. Where and when this does happen, the Registered Providers (employers) will abide by the requirements of The Health and Safety at work Act 1974. As such, employers must, by law, notify certain categories of accidents, specified cases of ill health and specified dangerous occurrences to the Health and Safety Executive or the Local Authority to comply with the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR). By undertaking these notifications, the home will not only be meeting the legal requirements but will be able to determine local patters and causes of accidents, so that preventive measures can be put in place to prevent recurrence. A written record such as Accident/Incident Report will be kept, of any accident, however minor, which occurs in the home. Policy on Racial Harassment Every Service User has the right to live and every staff member has the right to work in the home without the threat of racial harassment, discrimination or abuse. Any occurrences of this nature will not be tolerated and perpetrators will be subject to disciplinary procedures. The home fully upholds the principles and guidance of the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. Racial harassment is any behaviour, deliberate or otherwise, pertaining to race, colour, ethnic or national origin, which is unwanted by the recipient and creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment. It may include racist jokes or insults, abusive comments about racial origins and skin colour and ridicule of an individual on cultural and/or religious grounds. IMPROVING COMMUNICATION PROCESS Health and social workers must be perpetually engaged in the improvement and development of the communication process to be better in their profession. One of the ways by which such can be improved is through the provision of security of information. In this way, privacy and confidentiality can be achieved and it can to help prevent any misunderstanding and confusion in the communication process. Furthermore, the communication process can also be improved through the provision of dynamic and sustainable rules which relate to documentation, presentation, and use of outputs and reports so that their purpose can be maximized by its users and providers. The provision of technological aids and communication tools can also help improve such process. Furthermore, the following are other ways by which communication can be improved in the health and social care setting: provide communication access to persons with difficulties; be aware of the various communication barriers and develop strate gies by which they can be minimized or reduced at an acceptable level; teach workers about ethics and values related to communication practices; and rigorous training and education to enhance workers knowledge about effective and efficient communication. There is a need to make service providers understand what are the processes and activities involved in the complex communication process and the need to teach them to be active listeners. By doing the earlier mentioned, the health and social care workers can have an improved communication process and it can foster greater understanding and build better relationships between providers and users (Malone, 2005). EXPLORING THE USE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE STANDARD I.T. SOFTWARE The activities in the provision of health and social service would not be possible to carry in the absence of various I.T software and applications. Some of these include: word-processing, spreadsheets, presentations, internet, intranet, and email. These tools are assumed to have critical significance in the profession as it helps in the completion of day-to-day activities in the organization. Word processing is important because it allows the creation, editing, reading, and amendment of various documents which might prove to be vital with health and social care work. If these documents are handwritten, there is no form of standardization and it will be hard to understand as well as too slow to accomplish. Therefore, word processing is considered as one of the most significant I.T. software package as it allows ease in work and reduces the intensity of labour in the creation of documents. Spreadsheet, on the other hand, allows them to do mathematical calculations with ease as it has formulas which can make their works easier while presentations allow them to prepare and present visual presentations in order to communicate better. The internet and intranet is also a good tool as it allows connectivity between the network of users within the organization and through the globe using the internet. Lastly, emailing would allow them to exchange information within each other and share documents in the workplace (Cook, 2006). One of the most advanced application of information and communication technology in the field of health and social care is through telecare which is a business-to-consumer service provision without personal interaction as it just completed on channels such as telephones and computers. This includes services which are related to health and social care such as automated appointment reminders and client monitoring services at home. Traditionally, these things are done by trained professionals at the clients home until the inception of technology which defies distance and allows greater interaction between the users and providers (Niman et al., 2006). BENEFITS OF USING ICT The use of information and communication technology would have not proliferated in the field of health and social care if it did not bring numerous benefits and advantages to the organization, users, providers, and the general public. One of the benefits is the accuracy of records. Because of the use of the various applications of information and communication technology, it will be easier to have readily available information about the condition of the client and it will be easier for the staff to provide an answer to the concerns of the patients. The health professionals are also able to enjoy the benefits of information and communication technology because such allows them to have safe, modern, and speedy IT systems which can help them in their routine, it allows them to utilize time more efficiently, and it allows the possibility of remote monitoring (Gillies, 2006). Information and communication technology is also beneficial in the field of health and social care because it allows the possibility of meeting individual needs, it provides ease in the administration of treatment procedures, it makes the administrative practices more efficient, records and documentation can be more accurate, it fosters better communication, and it promotes independence. Information and communication technology also provides collaboration among users and providers which inevitably leads into more efficient service delivery (Leathard, 2003). ENHANCING ACTIVITIES OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE WORKERS Information and communication technology demonstrates the possibility of enhancing the activities by which health and social care workers are engaged. This is assumed to be done through the following ways: efficiency in business administration, meeting the needs of the employees, improving the quality of service, accountability, and meeting what is required from them. Because of information and communication technology, the field of health and social work is able to experience increased efficiency. The use of various tools associated to such form of technology has allowed them to be engaged into better practices in their profession. For instance, the internet and the intranet, along with the methods by which documentation has improved, are all seen as highly contributory to the improvement of business administration. Service has also seen a dramatic improvement because of the applications of the said technology. Because of such, it is easier to access records and information, althoug h such has also been limited by existing legislations to protect privacy and to promote confidentiality. LEGISLATIONS To be assured that the use of information and communication technology is maximized and not detrimental to the society, certain legislations, both internal and external to the company also exist to govern information and communication practices in the field of health and social care. The Data Protection Act provides restrictions and limitations on the use and access of personal information, especially those of the clients or the patients. Some of this information includes personal information, medical records, treatment history, and credit information. Record keeping is very important and should not be underestimated. Disclosing of information is tantamount to breach of confidentiality. Furthermore, another legislation which is assumed to be significant in the use of information and communication technology is the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 which stipulates general considerations with regards to access to personal information, specifically those data which relate to social services. In addition to these legislations, Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 has also been provided to give right to access into medical reports for the purpose of employment or for insurance. The client, under this legislation, is also endowed with the right to see the information before it is supplied and can also be subject for correction. Lastly, another important legislation is the Access to Health Records Act 1990 which is more concerned about records which could be accessed manually. It gives the client or any other representative the right of access to medical records, in whatever form, electronic or manual (Jones Jenkins, 2004). Moreover, to keep information within the limits o f the workplace, bringing of storage devices are also limited so as the providers cannot transfer any information about the service users which can be leaked and used for purposes which are not under the consent of the parties concerned (Moss, 2008). RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Technology has brought a number of benefits realized in the health and social care sector such as meeting the individual needs, ease of administration of procedures, making efficient administrative practices, accurate documentation, and fostering a more dynamic communication practice. Information and communication technology also enhances activities of health and social worker such as by improving efficiency of service, accountability, and quality of outputs. To be able to engage in a more meaningful communication practice, there is a need to be aware and to understand the existing differences in culture and values because they will be able to foster better relationships. There is a need for continuous improvement process in communication by being able to identify ways by which such could be improved. The health and social care sector needs to identify, without a halt, ways by which communication can be improved, so that the profession, in general, can also be improved.

Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized Testing The purposes of standardized tests are to instruct decision making, establish program eligibility, evaluate course goals, evaluate program goals, and examine external curriculum. When a teacher gives and assesses a standardized test, they gain information about their students that helps them realize what concepts they have learned according to the agenda for the subject at hand. If the assessment is performed in a sensible amount of time and given according to the directions, this purpose should be fulfilled; however, it is a common belief that standardized tests do not work well in establishing where a student stands in a specific curriculum. The test uses a general curriculum that is the basis for the tests but the schools giving the tests may not have the same curriculum as the test itself assumes. (Costa and Kallick, 1995) The second purpose of standardized testing is to establish program eligibility. The standardized tests allow teachers to view the areas where students may need help or where they may excel. However, standardized tests which allow teachers to view this type of information are not performed each year. This has a great affect on whether or not the information is completely accurate. Many students may need assistance but do not receive any because of the scores of their tests. Many students who are behind continue to remain that way until they are far enough behind to receive this assistance while other students continue to excel and are potentially bored as they review information they already know and understand. (Costa and Kallick, 1995) Thirdly, the evaluation of course goals is important. Standardized tests should allow educators to be able to assess whether or not ... ...eb on April 25, 2003 from ERIC Database. Miller, M.D. & Linn, R.L. (2000). Validation of Performance-Based Tests. Applied Psychological Measurement. Vol. 24, Issue 4, p. 367, 12p. Retrieved from the web on April 25, 2003 from the Academic Search Premier Database. Tanner, D.E. (2001). Authentic Assessment: A Solution, or Part of the Problem? High School Journal. Vol. 85, Issue 1, p.24-30. Retrieved from the web on March 10, 2003, from EBSCOhost Research Database. Baker, E.L. (2001, February). Testing and Assessment: A Progress Report. Educational Assessment. p.1, 12p. Retrieved from the web on April 28, 2003 from the Academic Search Elite Database. Linn, R.L. (2001, January 1). A Century of Standardized Testing: Controversies and Pendulum Swings. Education Assessment. p.29-38. Retrieved from the web April 28, 2003 from the Academic Search Elite Database.